[30] He spent almost nine months on his preparations, as he had to construct a fleet from nothing. [90] The front lines were made up of archers, with a line of foot soldiers armed with spears behind. The fyrd usually served for two months, except in emergencies. Another tactic used was to pretend to retre… On 4 August, he dined with General Clinton, Admiral Lord Howe, Lord Cornwallis, General Vaughan, and others. Although Orderic Vitalis's figures are highly exaggerated,[x] his ratio of one in four casualties may be accurate. Hastings William Sackville Russell, 12th Duke of Bedford (21 December 1888 – 9 October 1953) was a British peer. Harold was forced to march south swiftly, gathering forces as he went. William founded a monastery at the site of the battle, the high altar of the abbey church supposedly placed at the spot where Harold died. [141][142], Battle between English and Normans on 14 October 1066. Baron Hastings of Hungerford KG (* um 1431; 13. [53] Modern historians have offered a range of estimates for the size of William's forces: 7,000–8,000 men, 1,000–2,000 of them cavalry;[54] 10,000–12,000 men;[53] 10,000 men, 3,000 of them cavalry;[55] or 7,500 men. Community content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted. It took place approximately 7 miles (11 kilometres) northwest of Hastings, close to the present-day town of Battle, East Sussex, and was a decisive Norman victory. Hon. On his arrival in England, Rawdon was honoured by King George III, who created him an English peer (Baron Rawdon) in March 1783. Sir William Compton was one of King Henry's original circle of close friends. Horsemen had changed to a kite-shaped shield and were usually armed with a lance. The Normans landed at Pevensey and waited for Harold's army to march south from its victory over the Vikings at the Battle of Stamford … The large majority of these claims are based on legend and cannot be proven by historical evidence. However, this was too late to link up with General Burgoyne at Albany. William of Poitiers states that the bodies of Gyrth and Leofwine were found near Harold's, implying that they died late in the battle. His domestic policy in India was also largely successful, seeing the repair of the Mughul canal system in Delhi in 1820, as well as educational and administrative reforms, and encouraging press freedom. The Duke of Norfolk is considered the Premier Duke of England. [116][u] In the end, Harold's death appears to have been decisive, as it signalled the break-up of the English forces in disarray. William appears to have taken this route to meet up with reinforcements that had landed by Portsmouth and met him between London and Winchester. This line was protected by a so-called “shield wall”, literally a wall of shields held by soldiers standing in tight formation that was difficult to break. Many ancient English families of Norman origin have claimed amongst their ancestors a participant at the Battle of Hastings as a matter of great pride giving them legitimacy in the higher echelons of the British aristocracy. [14] William and Harald Hardrada immediately set about assembling troops and ships for separate invasions. They had six children: Through his brother, the Hon. The Peshwa was defeated by William Fullarton Elphinstone on the Poona. Additionally, Pitt's long tenure in office had given him ample opportunity to annoy various political grandees, including but not limited to The Duke of Leeds and Lords Thurlow and Lansdowne. Although scholars thought for a long time that remains would not be recoverable, due to the acidic soil, recent finds have changed this view. He was also the Duke of Normandy from 1035 until his death.. At the Battle of Hastings William defeated Harold Godwinson, the last Anglo-Saxon king of England. In July 1781, in poor health, he gave up his command. [75] Some accounts of the battle indicate that the Normans advanced from Hastings to the battlefield, but the contemporary account of William of Jumièges places the Normans at the site of the battle the night before. His hand was eventually interred, clasped with hers, in the family vault at Loudoun Kirk.[23]. Inheriting Donington Hall in Leicestershire from his uncle, Rawdon rebuilt it in 1790–93 in the Gothic style; the architect was William Wilkins the Elder. [7] This led to the establishment of a powerful Norman interest in English politics, as Edward drew heavily on his former hosts for support, bringing in Norman courtiers, soldiers, and clerics and appointing them to positions of power, particularly in the Church. [103] It is not clear which figure is meant to be Harold, or if both are meant. [122] The Norman dead were buried in a large communal grave, which has not been found. [105], Harold appears to have died late in the battle, although accounts in the various sources are contradictory. [32] After landing, William's forces built a wooden castle at Hastings, from which they raided the surrounding area. Nothing came of these efforts. [107][s] The earliest written mention of the traditional account of Harold dying from an arrow to the eye dates to the 1080s from a history of the Normans written by an Italian monk, Amatus of Montecassino. Their settlement proved successful,[lower-alpha 1] and they quickly adapted to the indigenous culture, renouncing paganism, converting to Christianity, and intermarrying with the local population. Edward was childless and embroiled in conflict with the formidable Godwin, Earl of Wessex, and his sons, and he may also have encouraged Duke William of Normandy's ambitions for the English throne. He commanded an army of 15,000 British regulars, a Bengal army of 27 regiments of native infantry, and eight regiments of cavalry; a Madras army, led by General John Abercrombie of 24 regiments of native infantry, and eight regiments of native cavalry. [114] The historian David Nicolle said of the battle that William's army "demonstrated – not without difficulty – the superiority of Norman-French mixed cavalry and infantry tactics over the Germanic-Scandinavian infantry traditions of the Anglo-Saxons. [33] In April 1066 Halley's Comet appeared in the sky, and was widely reported throughout Europe. [88] The line may have extended far enough to be anchored on a nearby stream. Rawdon was posted at Boston as a lieutenant in the 5th Regiment of Foot's Grenadier company, which was then under the command of Captain Francis Marsden. [19] The Tories returned to power under the Earl of Liverpool. The Duke of Hastings serving breakfast at Clyvedon Castle. Francis Edward Rawdon-Hastings, 1st Marquess of Hastings, KG, PC (9 December 1754 – 28 November 1826), styled The Honourable Francis Rawdon from birth until 1762, Lord Rawdon between 1762 and 1783, The Lord Rawdon from 1783 to 1793 and The Earl of Moira between 1793 and 1816, was an Anglo-Irish politician and military officer who served as Governor-General of India from 1813 to 1823. He was driven back to his ships by the brothers Edwin, Earl of Mercia and Morcar, Earl of Northumbria. They were met with a barrage of missiles, not arrows but spears, axes and stones. [66], Although Harold attempted to surprise the Normans, William's scouts reported the English arrival to the duke. [4] Over time, the frontiers of the duchy expanded to the west. [111] Another biographer of Harold, Peter Rex, after discussing the various accounts, concludes that it is not possible to declare how Harold died. There was some discontent with Pitt over his policies regarding the war with France. Adelaide Augusta Lavinia Rawdon-Hastings (25 February 1812 – 6 December 1860), married, He appears as Francis Rawdon Hastings, the Second Earl of Moira, in, This page was last edited on 14 March 2021, at 19:49. The infantryman's shield was usually round and made of wood, with reinforcement of metal. [29], He became Commander-in-Chief, Scotland with the rank of full general in September 1803. He took the additional surname "Hastings" in 1790 in compliance with the will of his maternal uncle, Francis Hastings, 10th Earl of Huntingdon.[1]. [26] As a whole, England could furnish about 14,000 men for the fyrd, when it was called out. Rawdon became active in associations in London. He withdrew his forces to Charleston. He states that there were 15,000 casualties out of 60,000 who fought on William's side at the battle. [p] The battle was already being referred to as "bellum Hasestingas" or "Battle of Hastings" by 1086, in the Domesday Book. He had also served with British forces for … The background to the battle was the death of the childless King Edward the Confessor in January 1066, which set up a succession struggle between several claimants to his throne. [34][f], William mustered his forces at Saint-Valery-sur-Somme, and was ready to cross the English Channel by about 12 August. [113] William was the more experienced military leader,[116] and in addition the lack of cavalry on the English side allowed Harold fewer tactical options. Marren speculates that perhaps 2,000 Normans and 4,000 Englishmen were killed at Hastings. [15] He was appointed adjutant general. This skeleton, numbered 180, sustained six fatal sword cuts to the back of the skull and was one of five skeletons that had suffered violent trauma. The Tapestry is not helpful, as it shows a figure holding an arrow sticking out of his eye next to a falling fighter being hit with a sword. Rawdon sat for Randalstown in the Irish House of Commons from 1781 until 1783. Anne Hastings (née Stafford), Countess of Huntingdon, is a lady-in-waiting to Queen Catherine of Aragon, mistress of King Henry VII, and a royal courtier. [122], William expected to receive the submission of the surviving English leaders after his victory, but instead Edgar the Ætheling[z] was proclaimed king by the Witenagemot, with the support of Earls Edwin and Morcar, Stigand, the Archbishop of Canterbury, and Ealdred, the Archbishop of York. [83], Sunrise was at 6:48 am that morning, and reports of the day record that it was unusually bright. It is possible that some of the higher class members of the army rode to battle, but when battle was joined they dismounted to fight on foot. Having fought in the American War and having led an expedition to Quiberon, he commanded widespread respect. William, the Duke of Normandy, was crowned as King William I of England 10 weeks later. [113] Against these arguments for an exhausted English army, the length of the battle, which lasted an entire day, shows that the English forces were not tired by their long march. He returned to England to join his regiment, and sailed for America on 7 May 1774. [97], It is not known whether the English pursuit was ordered by Harold or if it was spontaneous. On his return to Great Britain, he was captured at sea by François Joseph Paul de Grasse, but was exchanged. Hardrada's army was further augmented by the forces of Tostig, who supported the Norwegian king's bid for the throne. [96] The cavalry also failed to make headway, and a general retreat began, blamed on the Breton division on William's left. During a ball at Lord George Germain's, he met Lafayette, who was visiting London. Viola Paige Hastings is the main character of the 2006 American romantic-comedy movie, She's the Man. [94] Duke William appears to have arranged his forces in three groups, or "battles", which roughly corresponded to their origins. [132] In 1069 William faced more troubles from Northumbrian rebels, an invading Danish fleet, and rebellions in the south and west of England. The battle commenced with an archery barrage from the Norman archers and crossbowmen. The surviving ship list gives 776 ships, contributed by 14 different Norman nobles. They took thousands of Loyalists and freed slaves with them, having promised freedom to slaves of rebels who joined their lines, resettling these groups in Nova Scotia and the Caribbean. Threatened by Harold's fleet, Tostig moved north and raided in East Anglia and Lincolnshire. [90], The battle opened with the Norman archers shooting uphill at the English shield wall, to little effect. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle called it the battle "at the hoary apple tree". [17] He served with the Volunteers of Ireland during the raid on Staten Island by Lord Stirling on 15 January 1780.[18]. "[28] Moore was later disappointed when Moira, having been appointed Governor General of India, did not offer to take him to India on his staff. The French general Pichegru, with superior numbers, forced the British back toward their base at Antwerp. [136] In 1976 the estate was put up for sale and purchased by the government with the aid of some American donors who wished to honour the 200th anniversary of American independence. [m] The core of the army was made up of housecarls, full-time professional soldiers. [4] He joined the British Army on 7 August 1771 as an ensign in the 15th Foot (the going rate for purchasing a commission for this rank was £200). Their son Edward the Confessor, wh… [51], The exact numbers and composition of William's force are unknown. [115], Most of the blame for the defeat probably lies in the events of the battle. The Battle of Hastings occurred on Saturday 14th October 1066, during the failed Norman invasion of the same year, between the Norman-French army of Duke William II of Normandy and the English army under King Harold II. The Battle of Hastings was a pitched battle between the Anglo-Saxon English and an invading Norman army. The infantry could also use javelins and long spears. The RITAs are awarded by Romance Writers of America and are the highest honor in romance writing. Both of Moira's attempts to create a governing coalition failed, but as a mark of the prince's respect he was appointed to the Order of the Garter in that year. [8], King Edward's death on 5 January 1066[9][c] left no clear heir, and several contenders laid claim to the throne of England. [1], Following the declaration of war in 1793 of France upon Great Britain, Rawdon was appointed major general, on 12 October 1793. However, there used to be a Baron Hastings. The Bayeux Tapestry depicts the death of Harold's brothers Gyrth and Leofwine occurring just before the fight around the hillock. that it was Lieutenant Rawdon that executed the already mortally wounded American general Joseph Warren by shooting him through the head. The Normans therefore had no other choice than to charge the Saxons time and time again, only to be repulsed. [114] Tied in with the speed of Harold's advance to Hastings is the possibility Harold may not have trusted Earls Edwin of Mercia and Morcar of Northumbria once their enemy Tostig had been defeated, and declined to bring them and their forces south. [13] Harald Hardrada of Norway also contested the succession. It is based on the 12th Night by Shakespeare. The day-long battle ended in the death of the Anglo-Saxon king and a decisive victory for the Normans. Contemporary accounts connected the comet's appearance with the succession crisis in England. Serving with the grenadiers, he participated in the second assault against Breed's Hill (which failed), and the third assault against the redoubt. This is largely attributed to Hastings being a cinque port and being under the control of The Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports. From that time on his life was spent entirely in the service of his country. [23] The fyrd and the housecarls both fought on foot, with the major difference between them being the housecarls' superior armour. Early efforts of the invaders to break the English battle lines had little effect; therefore, the Normans adopted the tactic of pretending to flee in panic and then turning on their pursuers. "I thought it all exceedingly fine and grand, but most uncomfortable. [38] He was appointed Governor of Malta in 1824 but died at sea off Naples two years later aboard HMS Revenge, while attempting to return home with his wife. The Battle of Hastings was the decisive Norman victory in the Norman Conquest of England. Advancing on York, the Norwegians occupied the city after defeating a northern English army under Edwin and Morcar on 20 September at the Battle of Fulford. [62] It is unclear when Harold learned of William's landing, but it was probably while he was travelling south. Some hauberks may have been made of scales attached to a tunic, with the scales made of metal, horn or hardened leather. [138] The Bayeux Tapestry is an embroidered narrative of the events leading up to Hastings probably commissioned by Odo of Bayeux soon after the battle, perhaps to hang at the bishop's palace at Bayeux. The Battle of Hastings was fought on 14 October 1066 between the Norman-French army of William, the Duke of Normandy, and an English army under the Anglo-Saxon King Harold Godwinson, beginning the Norman conquest of England. [103] The bodies of the English dead, including some of Harold's brothers and housecarls, were left on the battlefield,[121] although some were removed by relatives later. Other contenders later came to the fore. "[119], The day after the battle, Harold's body was identified, either by his armour or by marks on his body. The large majority of these claims are based on legend and cannot be proven by historical evidence. After serving as a soldier he studied at Poitiers then returned to Normandy to become chaplain to Duke William and archdeacon of Lisieux. [e] According to some Norman chronicles, he also secured diplomatic support, although the accuracy of the reports has been a matter of historical debate. [32], He also became the patron of Thomas Moore, the Irish poet. The English forces began to pursue the fleeing invaders, but William rode through his forces, showing his face and yelling that he was still alive. Simon Basset is a mysterious young suitor who has returned to England to settle his father's affairs and has no interest in finding a wife. Hastings was born at Moira, County Down, the son of John Rawdon, 1st Earl of Moira and Elizabeth Hastings, 13th Baroness Hastings, who was a daughter of the 9th Earl of Huntingdon. [29], The prime motivation for the plan of having Rawdon (Moira) become Prime Minister was to secure peace with France, the plotters having come to believe (somewhat unfairly) that Pitt was an obstacle to this objective. He succeeded his father as 2nd Earl of Moira on 20 June 1793, and thereafter served in the House of Lords for three decades. On 13 January 1777, with Clinton, he departed for London, arriving 1 March. Moore visited his patron's new seat, Donington Hall, and wrote about his impressions of it. Hastings sent four divisions in separate attacks led by General Bennet Marley with 8,000 men against Kathmandu, General John Sullivan Wood with 4,000 men against Butwal, General Sir David Ochterlony with 10,000 men against Amar Singh Thapa, and General Robert Rollo Gillespie, with 3,500 men against Nahan, Srinagar, and Garhwal. [56] Later lists of companions of William the Conqueror are extant, but most are padded with extra names; only about 35 named individuals can be reliably identified as having been with William at Hastings. [101] Many of them fled, but the soldiers of the royal household gathered around Harold's body and fought to the end. [65][j] Some of the early contemporary French accounts mention an emissary or emissaries sent by Harold to William, which is likely. Another possibility is the Roman road between London and Lewes and then over local tracks to the battlefield. [84] The weather conditions are not recorded. [v] His personal standard was presented to William,[120] and later sent to the papacy. [121] Another story relates that Harold was buried at the top of a cliff. He first saw action at the Battles of Lexington and Concord and the Battle of Bunker Hill. William the Conqueror (c. 1027 –1087), also known as William I of England, was the first Norman King of England (1066–1087). Shediedafter she gave birth to her first and only son, Simon Basset, the new Duke of Hastings. The whole affair was mixed up with insinuations against Lord Hastings, especially charging him with having shown favouritism towards one of the partners in the firm. William ordered that Harold's body be thrown into the sea, but whether that took place is unclear. Most of the infantry would have formed part of the shield wall, in which all the men in the front ranks locked their shields together. [11][12] Harold was at once challenged by two powerful neighbouring rulers. [24][25] He marched to join with the army of the Duke of York, at Alost. [5] He was at Harrow School and matriculated at University College, Oxford,[1] but dropped out. Rawdon is in the far background holding the British ensign. When Cornwallis went into Virginia, he left Rawdon in effective command in the South. The bulk of his forces were militia who needed to harvest their crops, so on 8 September Harold dismissed the militia and the fleet. The housecarls were replaced with members of the fyrd, and the shield wall held. [30], Rawdon was a long-standing advocate of Irish issues, in particular Catholic Emancipation. [90] Sources differ on the exact site that the English fought on: some sources state the site of the abbey,[91][92][93] but some newer sources suggest it was Caldbec Hill. [27] In 1787, he became friends with the Prince of Wales, and loaned him many thousands of pounds. [85] The route that the English army took south to the battlefield is not known precisely. [7] When the troops of the third assault began to falter, Rawdon stood atop of the American redoubt, waving the British ensign. The composition of the forces is clearer; the English army was composed almost entirely of infantry and had few archers, whereas only about half of the invading force was infantry, the rest split equally between cavalry and archers. [26], Harold had spent mid-1066 on the south coast with a large army and fleet waiting for William to invade. Rawdon left the expedition, feeling Pitt had broken promises.[26]. [123] Waltham Abbey, which had been founded by Harold, later claimed that his body had been secretly buried there. Hardrada and Tostig defeated a hastily gathered army of Englishmen at the Battle of Fulford on 20 September 1066, and were in turn defeated by Harold at the Battle of Stamford Bridge five days later. [139][ab] In modern times annual reenactments of the Battle of Hastings have drawn thousands of participants and spectators to the site of the original battle. He was played by the Canadian actor Kris Holden-Ried. Of the named Normans who fought at Hastings, one in seven is stated to have died, but these were all noblemen, and it is probable that the death rate among the common soldiers was higher. [73] The rest of the army was made up of levies from the fyrd, also infantry but more lightly armoured and not professionals. [36] But the crossing was delayed, either because of unfavourable weather or to avoid being intercepted by the powerful English fleet. 450-1100)-language text, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Unknown, estimates range from 7,000 to 12,000, Unknown, estimates range from 5,000 to 13,000, This page was last edited on 9 March 2021, at 13:07. [109], Harold's death left the English forces leaderless, and they began to collapse. [100], A lull probably occurred early in the afternoon, and a break for rest and food would probably have been needed. [110] A modern biographer of Harold, Ian Walker, states that Harold probably died from an arrow in the eye, although he also says it is possible that Harold was struck down by a Norman knight while mortally wounded in the eye. He participated in the battles of the New York Highlands, where on 7 October, Fort Constitution (opposite West Point) was captured. [74], Because many of the primary accounts contradict each other at times, it is impossible to provide a description of the battle that is beyond dispute. Some historians have argued, based on comments by. She is played by Amanda Bynes. The Duchess of Hastings was the mother of Simon Basset. John Theophilus Rawdon, he was uncle to Elizabeth, Lady William Russell. The heir to the title is usually given the title of "Marquess of Tavistock". Promoted colonel in command of this regiment, Rawdon went with Clinton to Philadelphia. Lady Anne enters the queen's service as a royal lady after her marriage to King Henry VIII. In 911, the Carolingian ruler Charles the Simple allowed a group of Vikings to settle in Normandy under their leader Rollo. Over time, the frontiers of the duchy expanded to the west. Francis George Augustus (1807–1807), died in infancy. This division was led by Alan the Red, a relative of the Breton count. The contemporary records do not give reliable figures; some Norman sources give 400,000 to 1,200,000 men on Harold's side. He was later exonerated but the experience embittered him. He died in 1090. Archers would have used a self bow or a crossbow, and most would not have had armour. [95] There were probably a few crossbowmen and slingers in with the archers. [99] William may have also needed time to implement a new strategy, which may have been inspired by the English pursuit and subsequent rout by the Normans. Few individual Englishmen are known to have been at Hastings;[31] about 20 named individuals can reasonably be assumed to have fought with Harold at Hastings, including Harold's brothers Gyrth and Leofwine and two other relatives. [117] The English appear to have erred in not staying strictly on the defensive, for when they pursued the retreating Normans they exposed their flanks to attack. He is best known for his portrayal of Captain Hastings in the television series Agatha Christie's Poirot opposite David Suchet as Hercule Poriot, and his role as the Duke of Wellington (replacing David Troughton) in the Sharpe television series. [16], At New York, on 3 September 1779, he quarreled with Clinton, and resigned his position as adjutant general. Hastings, who had long been friendly with Richard and hostile to the Woodvilles, was a key figure in checking these manoeuvres. [41], Marquess of Hastings by Hugh Douglas Hamilton (c. 1801), Marquess of Hastings, Governor-General of India by Joshua Reynolds (c. 1812), Francis Rawdon, Marquess of Hastings. He defeated an English force that attacked him at Southwark but was unable to storm London Bridge, forcing him to reach the capital by a more circuitous route. However, the Norman archers drew their bowstrings only to the chest and their crossbows were loaded by hand without assistance from a windlass, so most shots either failed to penetrate the housecarls' shields or sailed over their heads to fall harmlessly beyond. [90] The centre was held by the Normans,[95] under the direct command of the duke and with many of his relatives and kinsmen grouped around the ducal party. geplant zu haben. [o] This may have been the name of the stream that crosses the battlefield. [78] After the Dissolution of the Monasteries, the abbey's lands passed to secular landowners, who used it as a residence or country house. 1813, Background, education and early military career, Campaigns in the Carolinas and New York, 1775–76, Elizabeth Hastings, 13th Baroness Hastings, Francis Hastings, 10th Earl of Huntingdon, The Death of General Warren at the Battle of Bunker Hill, Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War, Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London, French Revolutionary Wars: Campaigns of 1794, Governor-General of the Presidency of Fort William, George Augustus Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 2nd Marquess of Hastings, Sophia Frederica Christina Rawdon-Hastings, John Crichton-Stuart, 2nd Marquess of Bute, John Crichton-Stuart, 3rd Marquess of Bute, Sir William Murray, 7th Baronet of Octertyre, "Lord Rawdon, Baron Rawdon, Earl of Moira, Marquess of Hastings", "Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 1st Marquess of Hastings", "Francis Rawdon- Hastings, 1st Marquess of Hastings | eHISTORY", "Russell [née Rawdon], Elizabeth Anne [known as Lady William Russell] (1793–1874), hostess", 10.1093/odnb/9780198614128.013.90000380152, Hastings, Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 1st Marquess of, contributions in Parliament by the Marquess of Hastings, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francis_Rawdon-Hastings,_1st_Marquess_of_Hastings&oldid=1012131474, British Army personnel of the American Revolutionary War, Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath, Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Guelphic Order, Members of the Parliament of Ireland (pre-1801) for County Antrim constituencies, British military personnel of the Third Anglo-Maratha War, Freemasons of the Premier Grand Lodge of England, Peers of Great Britain created by George III, British Army personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from May 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.
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